Developing smart factories provides an incredible opportunity for the manufacturing industry to enter the fourth industrial revolution. Analyzing the large amounts of big data collected from sensors on the factory floor ensures real-time visibility of manufacturing assets and can provide tools for performing predictive maintenance in order to minimize equipment downtime.
Starting in the late 18th century in Britain, the first industrial revolution helped enable mass production by using water and steam power instead of purely human and animal power. Finished goods were built with machines rather than painstakingly produced by hand.
Industrial Revolution Architecture Pdf Download
A century later, the second industrial revolution introduced assembly lines and the use of oil, gas and electric power. These new power sources, along with more advanced communications via telephone and telegraph, brought mass production and some degree of automation to manufacturing processes.
The third industrial revolution, which began in the middle of the 20th century, added computers, advanced telecommunications and data analysis to manufacturing processes. The digitization of factories began by embedding programmable logic controllers (PLCs) into machinery to help automate some processes and collect and share data.
Most Industry 4.0 initiatives are early-stage projects with a limited scope. The majority of digitization and digitalization efforts, in reality, happen in the context of third and even second industrial revolution technologies/goals.
So, Industry 4.0 is a broad vision with clear frameworks and reference architectures, mainly characterized by the bridging of physical industrial assets and digital technologies in so-called cyber-physical systems.
Since the convergence of IT, OT and their backbones (such as networks and infrastructure, whereby we can also add CT or communication technologies) essentially boils down to an advanced and enhanced application of Internet, IT technologies and IT infrastructure impacted by IoT data (cloud infrastructure, server infrastructure, storage and edge infrastructure etc.) many see Industry 4.0 as a continuation of the third industrial revolution.
The difference between Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet, however, is that, originally, the Industrial Internet was seen as the third industrial innovation wave. So, a third wave of innovation instead of a fourth revolution in the industry.
All revolutions and associations aside, the question is how far we are in Industry 4.0. Are manufacturing companies fully ready? And what means readiness in this industrial context to begin with?
The Industrial Data Space Association is conducting talks with other organizations with similar architecture frameworks, countries outside Germany and the EU in the scope of the movement towards a European Data Space. Although there is an important focus on Industry 4.0, the Industrial Data Space stretches across other industries as well. The illustration below from the presentation of Prof. Dr. Jan Jürjens on the website of the EU (which can be downloaded in PDF here) shows some of the core principles of Industrial Data Space.
The explosion of connected lightweight devices is starting the era of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) where physical world devices have a digital presence on the Internet. Today, connected embedded devices are being placed everywhere in our everyday life, and tens of billions of these devices are expected be connected to the Internet by 2020. Technologies for Thing-to-Thing (T2T) communication between these devices, along with machine learning, artificial intelligence, big data, and cellular IoT support technologies, will be one of the key enablers for the truly autonomous and distributed IoT leading the 4th industrial revolution. However, there are still several technical challenges remaining before the next industrial revolution. For example, most IoT devices communicate via wireless links, and many of them are potentially mobile, leading to the inherent disadvantage of unreliable, unstable and intermittent data connection. Moreover, how to efficiently distribute and manage networking resources for more scalable services (possibly with thousands of devices within interference range), as well as how to improve the energy efficiency and bandwidth utilization of the whole system, and how applications can run efficiently on top of such systems, are significant challenges impeding the development and implementation of truly autonomous and distributed applications and services for IoT. Furthermore, we are still in need for novel application-level protocols, frameworks, and solutions that could catalyze the coming of Industry 4.0 and 4th industrial revolution.
Architectural and structural coordination have long been discussed in the context of architecture. Particularly after the industrial revolution and the pursuit of new materials and the subsequent formation of a powerful and professional Structural Engineering and Creation and application of modern structural architecture systems followed by the evolution of the separation of feeling and thought (Giedion,1982). Thus the overview of the relationship between structure and architecture of the building is necessary.Materials and MethodsThe relationship Between Structure and ArchitectureStructure and architecture are two key components in shaping building formation. Interaction and conflict between the two components and their balanced growth in the manufacturing process and the development of construction technologies has led to the creation of a new generation of buildings with advanced technological structure (Mahmudi et al,.2011) Therefore the review of the history of the presence of structure in building and its integration with architecture is necessary. The relationship between structure and architecture is expressed as follows: 2ff7e9595c
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